High-frequency issues using rotating voltage injections intended for position self-sensing

The rotor position is required in many control schemes in electrical drives. Replacing position sensors by machine self-sensing estimators increases reliability and reduces cost. Solutions based on tracking magnetic anisotropies through the monitoring of the incremental inductance variations are efficient at low-speed and standstill operations. This inductance can be estimated by measuring the response to the injection of high-frequency signals. In general however, the selection of the optimal frequency is not addressed thoroughly. In this paper, we propose discrete-time operations based on a rotating voltage injection at frequencies up to one third of the sampling frequency used by the digital controller. The impact on the rotation-drive, the computational requirement, the robustness and the effect of the resistance on the position estimation are analyzed regarding the signal frequency

Environmental rating of vehicles with different fuels and drive trains: a univocal and applicable methodology

A new and applicable environmental rating tool for use as a policy tool, called EcoScore, was developed and allows evaluating the environmental impact of road vehicles with different drive trains or using different fuels. A single environmental indicator integrates different aspects of the environmental impact of the vehicles such as global warming, air quality depletion and noise pollution. To integrate these different aspects, the Ecoscore methodology includes different damage categories like: global warming, human health impairing effects and harmful effects on ecosystems. The contribution of the different normalised damages to the single value, called Ecoscore, is based upon a weighting system. The methodology can also be used for the ranking of heavy duty vehicles and two-wheelers. However, in this paper, the methodology will be explained using passenger vehicles and light-duty vehicles as an illustration. The methodology will be implemented by the Flemish government as a policy tool for the promotion of cleaner vehicles. An extensive database including vehicle records and their related emission data was used to develop, to validate and to analyse the environmental rating system. A sensitivity analysis was carried out which allowed the evaluation of the robustness of the methodology

Modeling and Control of Interleaved Multiple-Input Power Converter for Fuel Cell Hybrid Electric Vehicles

Interleaving techniques are widely used to reduce input/output ripples, to increase the efficiency and to increase the power capacity of the DC/DC converters. This paper proposes an interleaved multiple-input power converter (IMIPC) that interfaces the fuel cell and energy storage systems (e.g. Batteries or/and Supercapacitors) to the powertrain of the hybrid electric vehicles. The IMIPC is responsible for the power-flow management on-board vehicle for each operating mode. In this research, the IMIPC is proposed in order to reduce the input current ripples, to reduce the output voltage ripples and to reduce the size of passive components with high efficiency. In addition, low EMI and low stress in the switches are expected. Moreover, a generalized small signal model of the IMIPC is derived in order to design the closed-loop control strategies. The proposed power electronics interface (PEI) and its controller are designed and analyzed by using Matlab/Simulink The simulation results have demonstrated that the proposed power electronics interface achieves a high performance for high power converter and it can be applied in the FCHEVs

Personalized testing method for E-PACs

The ranking of Electrically Power Assisted Cycles remains difficult even after extensive testing. In this paper a personalized judgement tool is presented. After all, the user’s satisfaction doesn’t only depend on the bicycle itself, but also on the way the cyclist likes to use his vehicle. A simulation program has been developed to link the performance of an electric bicycle to a typical drivecycle of its user. The performance is measured by means of a test bench and visualized in a 3D plot and a contourplot of the assistance strategy. This paper shows the results of the simulations for a typical user cycle and for 5 different E-PACs available on the European market.status: publishe

Demonstrating equivalence between PNLSS and Volterra models for some SISO block-oriented models

This work aims to establish a relationship between the Polynomial NonLinear State Space (PNLSS) model and the Volterra model, focusing on three standard block-oriented models: Wiener, Hammerstein and WienerHammerstein. Initially, we generate input/output data for these block-oriented models in PNLSS form, utilizingthe known PNLSS parameters, while considering a specified memory length and order of nonlinearity. Subsequently, we estimate the Volterra kernel of the same data using a linear system solver, assuming the availability of model order and memory length information. The symmetric Volterra kernel tensor encompasses various combinations of PNLSS parameters specific to each block-oriented model. We extract the PNLSS parameters and utilize them to regenerate the output signal. Both analytical and numerical approaches are employed to demonstrate an equivalence between the two models. Due to the limited knowledge of the MultipleInput Multiple-Output (MIMO) block-oriented models, particularly concerning the dimensions of intermediate signals (i.e., signals between the blocks), our investigation is focused solely on Single-Input Single-Output (SISO) systems

Demonstrating equivalence between PNLSS and Volterra models for some SISO block-oriented models

This work aims to establish a relationship between the Polynomial NonLinear State Space (PNLSS) model and the Volterra model, focusing on three standard block-oriented models: Wiener, Hammerstein and WienerHammerstein. Initially, we generate input/output data for these block-oriented models in PNLSS form, utilizingthe known PNLSS parameters, while considering a specified memory length and order of nonlinearity. Subsequently, we estimate the Volterra kernel of the same data using a linear system solver, assuming the availability of model order and memory length information. The symmetric Volterra kernel tensor encompasses various combinations of PNLSS parameters specific to each block-oriented model. We extract the PNLSS parameters and utilize them to regenerate the output signal. Both analytical and numerical approaches are employed to demonstrate an equivalence between the two models. Due to the limited knowledge of the MultipleInput Multiple-Output (MIMO) block-oriented models, particularly concerning the dimensions of intermediate signals (i.e., signals between the blocks), our investigation is focused solely on Single-Input Single-Output (SISO) systems

Characterisation of Electric Bicycles Performances

The proposed paper reports on characterisation work performed in the scope of the E-tour project. This project has already been presented at EVS-18. At the ‘Vrije Universiteit Brussel’ different EPACs (Electric Power Assisted Cycles) are put at the public’s disposal for testing. To quantify the performances of these electrical bicycles we want to link the subjective experienced driving comfort to some measurable objective parameters. For this purpose we converted a treadmill into a test bench for two-wheelers. Extra effort has been made to achieve a good approximation of the road conditions. The front and rear wheel are both rolling on a flat treadmill, driven by an AC-drive. A crowbar can adjust the slope of the bench. The cyclist has been replaced by a controlled DC-drive that drives the pedals by means of an angular gearbox and a pulley. In order to prevent relative motion of the bicycle with reference to the belt, a chain with load-cell is connected between the bicycle and the treadmill. The force measured by the load-cell is the traction force that will be used to characterise the performance of the EPACs. This paper starts with the results of an exploring road test, followed by the description of the construction of the test application. Another paragraph discusses the definition of the performance parameters: efficiency and assistance factor. Finally, we discuss the measurement results of the traction forces and the performance parameters of 3 different types of EPACs: A Merida GMB Euro-scoot, a Sachs Elo-bike and a yamaha PAS. © Copyright 2002 EVS19.status: publishe

Sensorless drive of surface-mounted permanent-magnet brushless DC-machines with diametric windings based on inductance measurements

Last decades, important progress have been made in sensorless control methods based on the tracking of magnetic anisotropies linked to the rotor. These methods allow to estimate the rotor position at low speed down to standstill. The magnetic anisotropy is generally approached by a sinusoidal shaped function. However, the theory must be adapted in case of additional harmonic content in the anisotropy function. This paper specifically addresses the problem for the surface-mounted permanent-magnet brushless DC machines with diametric windings. They present a peculiar magnetic anisotropy that suggests a simple method to detect the inversion of the magnetic field as a replacement to the dedicated sensors which are often used